引言
六边形架构（Hexagonal Architecture），也称为端口和适配器架构，是一种软件架构模式，旨在提高代码的可测试性和可维护性。它将应用程序的核心业务逻辑与外部依赖（如数据库、用户界面、消息队列等）分离，使得系统更加灵活和可扩展。本文将详细介绍六边形架构的搭建技巧，并通过图解的方式帮助读者轻松掌握其完美结构。
一、六边形架构概述
1.1 核心概念
六边形架构的核心思想是将业务逻辑层（即核心业务）包围在一个“六边形”中，这个六边形由内向外分别是：
- 内部：领域模型（Entities, Value Objects, Domain Events等）
- 适配器层：应用程序接口（APIs），如RESTful API、GraphQL API等
- 适配器：外部系统接口，如数据库、消息队列、文件系统等
1.2 架构优势
- 可测试性：由于业务逻辑与外部依赖分离，使得单元测试更加容易。
- 可维护性：当外部系统发生变化时，只需调整适配器层，而不会影响核心业务逻辑。
- 可扩展性：通过添加新的适配器，可以轻松地扩展系统功能。
二、搭建六边形架构的步骤
2.1 设计领域模型
首先，需要定义领域模型，包括实体（Entities）、值对象（Value Objects）和领域事件（Domain Events）等。这些模型代表了业务逻辑的核心。
public class Order {
private Long id;
private String customerName;
private List<Product> products;
// ... getters and setters
}
public class Product {
private Long id;
private String name;
private BigDecimal price;
// ... getters and setters
}
2.2 定义应用程序接口
接下来，定义应用程序接口，如RESTful API或GraphQL API。这些接口负责接收外部请求，并调用领域逻辑。
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/orders")
public class OrderController {
private final OrderService orderService;
public OrderController(OrderService orderService) {
this.orderService = orderService;
}
@PostMapping
public ResponseEntity<Order> createOrder(@RequestBody Order order) {
Order createdOrder = orderService.createOrder(order);
return ResponseEntity.ok(createdOrder);
}
}
2.3 实现领域逻辑
领域逻辑负责处理业务规则和规则约束。这部分通常由领域服务（Domain Services）和领域事件（Domain Events）组成。
@Service
public class OrderService {
public Order createOrder(Order order) {
// ... 验证订单、计算价格等
return order;
}
}
2.4 添加适配器
最后，添加适配器以连接外部系统。这些适配器可以是数据库访问层、消息队列消费者等。
@Service
public class OrderRepository {
// ... 使用JPA或MyBatis等ORM框架进行数据库操作
}
三、图解六边形架构
以下是一个简化的六边形架构图，展示了各个层之间的关系。
”` +——————-+ | 领域模型 (Entities)| +——————-+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |